L’action humaine actuelle libère dans l’air des gaz à effet de serre à un niveau tel qu’elle influence le climat. Il est essentiel dès maintenant pour l’humanité de diminuer de manière significative les émissions pour préserver des conditions viables pour la vie sur notre planète. 

La pression de notre économie sur les énergies fossiles constitue la cause principale de ces émissions. Pour effectuer des tâches aussi essentielles que se nourrir, se loger, s’habiller, voyager, nous avons souvent recours à la combustion de combustibles fossiles.

Quelles sont les principales missions des organisations internationales ?

La vision de la Commission européenne énonce sept grandes composantes stratégiques :

1. Maximiser les avantages de l’efficacité énergétique, y compris grâce aux bâtiments à émissions nulles;
2. Maximiser le déploiement des énergies renouvelables et l’utilisation de l’électricité pour décarboner entièrement l’approvisionnement énergétique de l’Union;
3. Adopter une mobilité propre, sûre et connectée;P
4. Privilégier une économie circulaire et une industrie européenne compétitive favorisant la réduction des émissions de GES;
5. Développer une infrastructure de réseau intelligent adéquate et des interconnexions adaptées;
6. Tirer le meilleur parti de la bioéconomie et créer des puits de carbone essentiels;
7. Lutter contre les émissions de CO2 résiduelles grâce au captage et stockage du dioxyde de carbone (CSC).

D’une autre part, le programme de proposer des sources d’électricité propre ou mettre en place des réseaux d’électrification personnalisés, le Forum économique mondial mobilise une action collective pour tripler le déploiement d’énergie propre d’ici 2030 de manière responsable. Le Forum économique mondial vise aussi le pasage à tout type d’énergie renouvelable, remodeler les villes,  une tout autre vision sur le climat, une plus grande importance à donner au reboisement,  à capitaliser les sources d’eau douce, à la protection de nos océans, à notre alimentation et et toutes thèmes transversaux tels que la finance, l’économie et l’équité. 

 

• 

 

 

Projets d’investissement

 Nouvelle génération d’innovation cartographique dans les forêts, alimentée par les technologies numériques : cartographie des forêts tropicales en utilisant des outils de télédétection / jumeaux numériques (utilisant le Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) en temps réel). Qu’est-ce qu’un jumeau numérique exactement ? On peut le considérer comme une forme améliorée de cartographie, transformant efficacement un bâtiment, un réseau d’égouts ou une forêt tropicale en un environnement numérique pour une surveillance et une gestion simplifiées. La NASA a commencé à utiliser les jumeaux numériques dans les années 2000 pour aider à créer des simulations pour les ingénieurs reproduisant des systèmes sur Terre pour imiter les conditions dans l’espace. Au cours des deux dernières décennies, les jumeaux numériques sont devenus une pierre angulaire de la planification des villes intelligentes, aidant les architectes, les urbanistes, les entreprises et les ONG à cartographier et à comprendre de manière exhaustive les villes existantes tout en envisageant les villes du futur.

 La carte tridimensionnelle détaillée. Doté de données plus granulaires, le système juridique pourrait, par exemple, aider les résidents à enregistrer leur affiliation ou leur propriété de biens immobiliers, tandis que les entreprises de services publics pourraient identifier les zones dépourvues d’accès à l’alimentation énergétique municipale.

 SMEs WolrdBank.

Méthodologies de l’investissement durable

L’investissement durable peut utiliser différentes méthodologies et être classé de diverses manières, notamment :

• investissement environnemental social et de gouvernance (ESG)
• investissement basé sur les valeurs
• investissement éthique
• investissement vert
• investissement conscient
• investissement socialement responsable (ISR).

Mesures clés pour la transition écologique en France 

Les secteurs des transports et du bâtiment sont les plus gros émetteurs de gaz à effet de serre et des investissements massifs sont nécessaires dans la rénovation thermique des bâtiments et dans le secteur des transports afin de “verdir” le parc de véhicules et de soutenir le report modal vers le transport ferroviaire. 

Le plan global de la France met fortement l’accent sur la transition écologique, car environ 20 milliards d’euros seront consacrés aux investissements verts, notamment : dans la rénovation des bâtiments (7,7 milliards d’euros), les transports durables (4,4 milliards d’euros dans la modernisation du réseau ferroviaire), la décarbonation des procédés industriels (0,6 milliard d’euros). Il prévoit également des investissements importants en R&D et en innovation dans le domaine des technologies vertes telles que l’hydrogène (1,7 milliard d’euros pour l’hydrogène bas carbone et renouvelable). La loi portant lutte contre le dérèglement climatique et renforcement de la résilience est une réforme globale qui s’attaquera aux modes de consommation, de production et de travail, de déplacement, de vie et contribuera ainsi à l’objectif national actuel de 40 % en termes de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Le plan modifié, comprenant le chapitre REPowerEU, a encore renforcé l’accent mis sur la transition écologique, en consacrant 49,5 % des fonds disponibles à des mesures qui soutiennent les objectifs climatiques (contre 46 % dans le plan initial)..

Abréviations et acronymes
AICPA American Institute of Public Accountants
APS Announced Pledges Scenario
ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations
ASCOR Assessing Sovereign Climate-related Opportunities and Risks (ASCOR)
BESS battery energy storage systems
CAF Capital Adequacy Frameworks
CBI Climate Bonds Initiative
CCUS carbon capture, utilisation and storage
CIDCE Centre international de droit comparé de l’environnement 
CIEL Centre du droit international de l’environnement (CIEL)
CIF Climate Investment Funds : https://www.cif.org/resource-collections/annual-report 
DACCS DFI direct air capture with carbon storage development finance institution
ECGI
EMDE emerging market and developing economy
*ESG environmental, social and governance 
ETS emissions trading schemes
EV electric vehicle
GCF Green Climate Fund
GEAPP Global Energy Alliance for People and Planet
GHG greenhouse gas
GIEC est un organisme intergouvernemental chargé d’évaluer l’ampleur
GSSS green, social, sustainable and sustainability-linked
FDI foreign direct investment
FID FIT final investment decision feed-in tariff
FY fiscal year
FX foreign exchange
GFANZ GSSS ICMA Glasgow Financial Alliance for Net Zero green, social, sustainable and sustainability-linked International Capital Markets Association
ICGN
ICVCM Integrity Council for the Voluntary Carbon Market
IDA International Development Association IEA International Energy Agency
IFC IPP International Finance Corporation independent power producer
IPPC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
ITMO Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcome
J-CAP Joint Capital Markets Program
JETP LC Just Energy Transition Partnerships letter of credit
LCOE levelized cost of electricity
MCPP Managed Co-lending Portfolio Program
MDB multilateral development bank
NDC nationally determined contribution
NZE Scenario Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario
Net Zero Banking Assessment Framework
OECD PayGo Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development pay-as-you-go
PBI performance-based incentive
PFI private finance initiative
PLI
PLSA
PPA production linked incentive power purchase agreement
PPP public-private partnership
PSW Private Sector Window
PV photovoltaic
RPO renewable purchase obligation
RSF risk-sharing facility
SBTi Science-Based Targets initiative
SBTN Science Based Targets Network (SBTN)
SDG Sustainable Development Goal
SDS Sustainable Development Scenario
SECI Solar Energy Corporation of India
SME small and medium-sized enterprise
SOE state-owned enterprises
STEPS Stated Policies Scenario
TCFD
TCX The Currency Exchange Fund
The Transition Pathway Initiative (TPI) 
The Transition Pathway Initiative Global Climate Transition Centre (TPI Centre)
UKSIF
VCM voluntary carbon market
VCMI Voluntary Carbon Market Integrity Initiative
VGF viability gap funding

Glossaire

ASCOR;(a) emission pathways [assesses a country’s emissions trends, 2030 targets and net-zero targets], (b) climate policies [evaluates climate legislation, carbon pricing and work on the just transition] and (c) *climate finance [explores renewable energy opportunities in the country and their transparency of climate costing and spending];
Balance sheet finance: Involves the explicit financing of assets on a company’s balance sheet using retained earnings from business activities, including those with regulated revenues, as well as corporate debt and equity issuance in capital markets. To some extent, it measures the degree to which a company self-finances its assets, though balance sheets also serve as intermediaries for raising capital from external sources. Corporate finance is also described as on balance sheet financing;
Low-carbon transition and the impacts of climate change
MSCI World Index
Sustainable debt instruments : loan instruments or debt structures (e.g guarantee lines, letters of credit) that embed environmental, social and governance related performance indicators, in order to incentivize issuers to achieve progress in non-financial impact areas. There are a variety of sustainability-linked debt instruments;
Green Bonds: A share of proceeds are used to fund green projects
Social Impact Bonds: The rate of the coupon (interest rate) or of the bond repayment itself is linked to the achievement, by the issuer, of pre-agreed social targets (e.g. gender equality);
Sustainability-linked Bonds: The rate of the coupon (interest rate) or of the bond repayment itself is linked to the achievement, by the issuer, of pre-agreed sustainability targets (e.g. GHG reductions)
Transition Bonds: The rate of the coupon (interest rate) or of the bond repayment itself is linked to the achievement, by the issuer, of preagreed targets related to the transition (e.g. coal plants closures). The borrower’s sustainability performance can be measured against external ratings or equivalent metrics to measure improvements in the borrower’s profile. Transition bond: A transition bond is a type of sustainability, fixed-income instrument that is to be used to fund projects to improve environmental performance for fossil-fuel or high-carbon emission projects;
Weightedaverage cost of capital (WACC): The weighted average cost of capital is expressed in nominal terms and measures the company’s required return on equity and the after-tax cost of debt issuance, weighted according to its capital structure.

Termes
1. Climate Resilience: Why, When and How?
2. The Limits to Regional & Global Resilience
3. Economic Options for Transformation & Resilience
4. Harmony Between Economy, Environment & Society 
5. Resilience as Development of the Real Potential of Nature and Scientific Discovery
6. Ethical Moral Dimensions of Resilience 
7. Adaptation Science for Least Developed Countries
8. Climate Change Adaptation Policies and Strategies in Africa
9. Ecological Environment Management in China
10. Ending Energy Poverty
11. People-based solutions for resilience to climate change in the Amazon
12. Climate Action to Protect and Promote Health: Sharing Knowledge Among Regions for Adaptation Solutions
13. Nature-Based Solutions for the Built Environment
14. Resilient Food Systems: Joachim von Braun (PAS; Bonn University, Germany) & and Alisher Mirzabaev (Bonn University, Germany) 
15. Resilient Water Access
16. Agroforestry for Resilience of People and Ecosystems
17. Adaptation in Drylands Africa
18. Economic & Financial Institutions for a Just Future: Stockholm-50
19. New Economic Lessons on Resilience Learned from COVID
20. Climate Migration in Dignity
21. Triple Challenges of Bio-diversity, Climate and Inequality
22. Earth Summit, The Global Diversity Assessment
23. Aspen Institute
24. Global Financial Pact :  “One likely announcement is that a 2009 pledge to deliver $100 billion a year in climate finance to poorer nations by 2020 will belatedly be fulfilled. A second pledge to rechannel $100 billion in unused “special drawing rights” (SDRs) – the IMF’s tool to boost liquidity – will also be in the spotlight.”
25. Public Finance Shock
26. “Special drawing rights” (SDRs)

Réglementation
1. Convention citoyenne pour le climat
2. Regulation establishing the Recovery and Resilience Facility
3. “Fit for 55” package
4. EU Green Claims 
5. Proposal for a Directive on Green Claims
6. Circular Economy: Commission proposes new consumer rights and a ban on greenwashing
7. https://climate.ec.europa.eu/eu-action/european-climate-law_en
8. https://lawclimateatlas.org/resources/european-union-law-and-climate-change/
9. Framework for achieving climate neutrality and amending Regulations (EC) No 401/2009 and (EU) 2018/1999 (‘European Climate Law’) 
10. Retained EU Law (Revocation and Reform) Act 2023 (UK)
11. Regulation (EU) 2023/956 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 May 2023 establishing a carbon border adjustment mechanism (Text with EEA relevance)
12. Directive (EU) 2022/2464 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 December 2022 amending Regulation (EU) No 537/2014, Directive 2004/109/EC, Directive 2006/43/EC and Directive 2013/34/EU, as regards corporate sustainability reporting (Text with EEA relevance)

Rapports
1. Planetary Boundaries framework
2. FII Institute Site publications

Journaux de référence
1. British Journal of Management
2. The Review of Financial Studies
3. The Academy of Management Perspectives
4. Corporate Governance: An International Review
5. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics
6. Review of Finance

Noms
1. Carlo Ratti (architecte)
2. The Review of Financial Studies

Sociétés de conseil
1. Minerva Analytics UK
2. ABRDN

Sociétés
Investment Funds
Investment in Ukrainian Lands
1. Vanguard
2. BlackRock
3. PIF
4. Kopernik Global Investors
5. BNP Assets Management Holding
6. NN Investment Partners (Goldman Sachs)
7. Norges Bank Investment Management
8. NCH Capital (US)
9. PIF
10. Nutrition Fund (BlackRock)
11. FMC Corporation
12. Nestlé
13. Jamieson Wellness
14. Koninklijke DSM
15. Tractor Supply Company
16. Grocery Oulet Holding 
17. Costco wholesale company
18. Symrise
19. CF Industries Holdings
20. Mondelez
21. Bunge
22. Kerry Group
23. Farmers Business Network (FBN) BlackRock / AgTech / FoodTech
24. Rootstock
25. Cercarbono
26. Community Electricity : une plateforme d’innovation climatetech basée sur les données
27. City4Forests
28. John Deere
29. Bunge
30. Syngenta
31. BASF
32. Bayer
33. DuPont
34. Danone
35. Nestlé
36. Mondelez
37. Kellogg’s
38. Coca-Cola
39. PepsiCo

Institutions et organisations
1. PAS; University of California, San Diego & Cornell University, USA (Veerabhadran Ramanathan)
2. PAS; PIK- Potsdam, Germany (Hans Joachim Schellnhuber)
3. PAS; MIT, USA (Susan Solomon)
4. PASS; University of Bologna, Italy (Stefano Zamagni)
5. Munasinghe Institute for Development, Sri Lanka (Mohan Munasinghe)
6. School of Information, University of California, Berkeley, USA (Gabriela May Lagunes – Graduate Student, Master of Information and Data Science)
7. IPCC & African climate Development Initiative, South Africa (Joyce Kimutai)
8. PAS; Sudanese National Academy of Sciences, Sudan (Mohamed H.A. Hassan)
9. Chinese Academy of Sciences, China (Weijian Zhou)
10. MIT, USA (Robert Stoner)
11. PASS; Amazonas Sustainability Foundation, Brazil, (Virgilio M. Viana)
12. Inter Academy Partnership, UK (Robin Fears)
13. Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland (Barbara Widera)
14. PAS; Bonn University, Germany : Joachim von Braun & Alisher Mirzabaev (Bonn University, Germany) 
15. Intl Water Management Inst; India; IPCC AR6 (Aditi Mukherji)
16. World Agroforestry, Kenya (Aster Gebrekirstos Afwork)
17. Centre de Suivi Ecologique, Dakar, Senegal (Cheikh Mbow)
18. SRC, Stockholm University, Sweden (Victor Galaz)
19. Sustainable Development Solutions Network Youth, Paris, France (Clara Latini)
20. GDAP, Germany (Kira Vinke)
21. PAS; Oregon State University; and White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, USA (Jane Lubchenco)
22. United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (Earth Summit I) in Stockholm, Sweden
23. Stockholm Earth Day project.[x] In Stockholm the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP)
24.  UN Conference on Environment and Development or UNCED (“Rio Earth Summit II”)
25. UkrLandFarming
26. WWF European Policy Office
27. University of Oxford
28. Sandbag
29. Rethinking Removal
30. Transport & Environment Carbon Capture and Storage Association (CCSA)
31. UCLA
32. Carbon Gap
33. Negative Emissions Platform
34. Bioenergy Europe
35. German Institute for International and Security Affairs
36. Carbon Balance Initiative
37. WWF Germany
38. NewClimate Institute
39. Greenpeace Nordic, based in Finland
40. Grantham Research Institute, London School of Economics
41. German Energy Agency (dena)
42. ZERO asts
43. Bellona Europa
44. Oeko-Institut
45. University of Edinburgh
46. Carbon Gap
47. WWF EUropean Policy Office
48. Climate Action Network Europe
49. Carbon Market Watch
50. CCSA (Carbon Capture & Storage Association)
51. Lund University
52. ZEP
53. European Environmental Bureau
54. Oxford Net Zero
55. DVNE
56. SustainablePublicAffairs
57. University of Edinburgh
58. Wetlands International European Association
59. Fern
60. EEA 
61. ZERO asts
61. German Energy Agency (dena)
62. Drax Group
63. Novocarbo
64. Carbon Business Council
65. Carbon Balance Initiative
66. Carbo Culture
67. German Institute for International and Security Affairs
68. Negative Emissions Platform 
69. Bioenergy Europe
70. Supercritica
71. Transport & Environment
72. Rethinking Removals
73. Direct Air Capture Coalition
74. Lund University
75. Carbonfuture / DVNE
76. European Environmental Bureau
77. Bakz4ever
78. Wetlands International European Association
79. World Ressources Institute
80. Institute for European Environmental Policy
81. Saint Mary’s University
82. Novocarbo
83. NewClimate Institute
84. ZWE
85. UEA
86. Patch
87. Rethinking Removals
88. German Institute for International and Security Affairs
89. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands (DGIS) : donnors
90. Royal Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Danida) : donnors
91. Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) : donnors
92. Agence Française de Développement (AFD) : donnors
93. Asian Development Bank (ADB) : donnors
94. Australian Department of Agriculture Water and the Environment : donnors
95. Danish Energy Management : donnors
96. Department for Energy Security and Net Zero (previously Business, Energy, and Industrial Strategy) of the United Kingdom (DESNZ, formerly BEIS), United Kingdom : donnors
97. Department of Communications, Climate Action & Environment of Ireland : donnors
98. Department for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs of the United Kingdom (DEFRA), United Kingdom : donnors
99. Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO), United Kingdom : donnors
100. Development Bank of Latin America (CAF) : donnors
101. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) : donnors
102. European Commission : donnors
103. Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development of Germany (BMZ) : donnors
104. Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Nuclear Safety and Consumer Protection of Germany (BMUV) : donnors
105. Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Action of Germany (BMWK) : donnors
106. Fisheries and Oceans Canada : donnors
107. Foundation for the Global Compact : donnors
108. German Agency for International Cooperation (GIZ) : donnors
109. Global EbA Fund : donnors
110. Global Environment Facility (GEF) : donnors
111. Government of France : donnors
112. Government of Mexico : donnors
113. Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) : donnors
114. Italian Ministry of Environment, Land and Sea : donnors
115. Ministry of the Environment, Climate and Sustainable Development of Luxembourg : donnors
116. Maryland Department of Agriculture : donnors
117. Ministry of the Environment and Energy of Sweden : donnors
118. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan : donnors
119. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Korea : donnors
120. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Sweden : donnors
121. Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management of the Netherlands : donnors
122. Mitigation Action Facility : donnors
123. Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (Norad) : donnors
124. Royal Norwegian Ministry of Climate and Environment : donnors
125. Royal Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs : donnors
126. United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Center (UNEP-WCMC) : donnors
127. United Nations Capital Development Fund (UNCDF) : donnors
128. United Nations Children’s Fund : donnors
129. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) : donnors
130. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) : donnors
131. United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS) : donnors
132. U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) : donnors
133. U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) : donnors
134. U.S. Department of State (DOS) : donnors
135. United States Forest Service (USFS) : donnors
136. U.S. Forest Service International Programs : donnors
137. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration : donnors
138. U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory : donnors
139. World Bank : donnors
140. Thomas and Musa Mayer
141. The Tilia Fund
142. Toyota Mobility Foundation
143. U.K. Department for International Development (DFID)
144. U.K. Foreign and Commonwealth Development Office (UKFDCO)
145. UK Partnering for Accelerated Climate Transitions
146. U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)
147. USAID Mexico
148. U.S. Department of State (DOS)
149. U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) /U.S. Forest Service (USFS)
150. U.S. Forest Service International Programs
151. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
152. United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS)
153. United Nations University
154. UPS Foundation
155. Walmart Foundation
156. William and Flora Hewlett Foundation
157. World Economic Forum
158. World Wildlife Fund Anonymous 

Sources
1. România se pregătește de ecologism extrem: mașina personală, folosită cel mult 6.500 km/an. Viitorul ne întoarce în „Epoca de Aur”, ba chiar își propune să o depășească
2. TPI publishes ASCOR framework https://www.manifest.co.uk/tpi-publishes-ascor-framework/
3. British Journal of Management : Symbolic Management and the Glass Cliff: Evidence from the Boardroom Careers of Female and Male Directors Brian G. M. Main and Ian Gregory-Smith
4. The Review of Financial Studies : Returns to Shareholder Activism: Evidence from a Clinical Study of the Hermes UK Focus Fund Marco Becht
5. The Academy of Management Perspectives : Compensation Consultants and Executive Pay: Evidence from the United States and the United Kingdom Martin J. Conyon
6.  Corporate Governance: An International Review : Shareholder Voting and Directors’ Remuneration Report Legislation: Say on Pay in the UK Martin J. Conyon & Graham V. Sadler
7. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics : Chief Executive Pay and Remuneration Committee Independence Ian Gregory-Smith
8. Review of Finance : Say on Pay Votes and CEO Compensation: Evidence from the UK Fabrizio Ferri and David A. Maber
9. Working Papers: On Director Networks and CEO Compensation Luc Renneboog  and Yang Zhao
10. Managerial remuneration and disciplining in the UK: A tale of two governance regimes Luc Renneboog and Grzegorz Trojanowski
11. WEF document calls for limiting ‘private car use,’ drastic reduction in the number of cars by 2050
12. Strategia energetică a României 2020-2030, cu perspectiva anului 2050 : creșterea rolului biomasei în mixul energetic; susținerea electromobilității; creșterea ponderii SRE în mixul energiei electrice și utilizarea tehnologiilor CSC; încurajarea investițiilor în infrastructura de stocare a energiei; creșterea eficienței energetice, în special a imobilelor; oportunitatea utilizării pompelor de căldură în încălzire/răcire. – Producția energiei electrice pe bază de tehnologii cu emisii reduse de GES,
– Stocarea energiei electrice la scară mare – Rolul pe termen lung al autovehiculului electric în transporturi – Participarea României la atingerea țintelor UE28 în 2030 și 2050
13. https://learnandconnect.pollutec.com/le-marche-de-lenvironnement-et-des-energies-renouvelables-en-roumanie/#:~:text=En%202022%2C%20la%20Roumanie%20a,sein%20de%20l’UE).
14. Absolute Zero 
15. https://carbonmarketwatch.org/
16. https://carbonmarketwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/CO2ol-Down-Proposal-to-revise-the-EU-Climate-Law-1.pdf
17. Sustainable trade could be an opportunity for Indonesia | World Economic Forum
18. Technical Report on the appropriate inclusion of results of the analysis in model-based quantitative scenarios
19. Schimbarile climatice si impactul acestora asupra drepturilor omului, 2020, INSTITUTUL ROMÂN PENTRU DREPTURILE OMULUI, Adrian Bulgaru (coord.), Daniela Albu, Anca Moț, Maria-Beatrice Berna

20. 

Climate Finance
1. Climate finance: What are debt-for-nature swaps and how can they help countries?
2. What if debt was written off to protect climate and nature?